ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms are associated with an increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. PON1 Q192R polymorphism (rs662) partially determine PON1 hydrolytic activity and protect against oxidation of LDL and HDL. This study aimed to delineate the association of PON1 status (functional 192 genotype and plasma activity levels) and atherogenicity in urbans residents aged 40 years or more. Materials and methods Anthropometric data, lipid profiles, the atherogenic index of the plasma (AIP) and Framingham score risk were measured. Three kinetic assays were conducted to assay PON1 status using phenylacetate and 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate as substrates. Results Smoking per se did not significantly impact the AIP but the interaction PON1 genotype by smoking significantly increased the AIP. In subjects with the RR genotype smoking increased the AIP index from (estimated mean ± SEM) -0.038 ± 0.039 to 0.224 ± 0.094. The QR genotype increased the Framingham risk index by around 1.3 points. Smoking by RR genotype carriers significantly increased the Framingham risk score (17.23 ± 2.04) as compared to smoking (13.00 ± 1.06) and non-smoking (7.79 ± 0.70) by QQ+QR genotype carriers. The interaction RR genotype by smoking was a more important predictor (odds ratio = 7.90) of an increased Framingham risk score (> 20) than smoking per se (odds ratio = 2.73). The interaction smoking by RR genotype carriers significantly increased triglycerides and lowered HDL cholesterol. Conclusion Smoking per se has no (AIP) or a mild (Framingham risk score) effect on atherogenicity, while the interaction smoking by PON1 RR genotype has a clinically highly significant impact on atherogenicity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Polymorphism, Genetic , Risk Assessment/methods , Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Genotype , Reference Values , Triglycerides/blood , Smoking/adverse effects , Logistic Models , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Aryldialkylphosphatase/blood , Genetic Association Studies , Gene-Environment Interaction , Hydrolysis , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/bloodABSTRACT
No Brasil, o câncer de mama é o que mais causa mortes entre as mulheres com um risco de 51 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. A metástase, principal causa de morte pelo câncer de mama, e dirigida a urna variedade de órgaos vitais, como ossos, pulmões, cerebra e fígado. Ocorre quando células tumorais geneticamente instáveis adaptam-se ao microambiente do tecido que esta distante do tumor primário. A natureza heterogênea da metástase no câncer de mama dificulta não apenas a cura, mas também a estimativa dos fatores de risco. A disseminação das células tumorais é realizada através da circulação sanguínea sistêmica atingindo outros órgãos. Tern sido verificado que essas células utilizam-se da expressão dos receptores de quimiocinas, para encontrar órgaos alvo que produzem um particular conjunto de quimiocinas. Mais recentemente, foi estabelecido que as células do câncer aproveitam-se da sinalização através dos receptores para quimiocinas para a iniciação e progressão do tumor primário e da metástase. Embora grande número de moléculas tenha sido implicada na metástase do câncer de mama, o mecanismo exato que determina a direção da migração parece incerto. Tem sido demonstrado que CCL2 e CCL5 estão expressas em grande quantidade pelas células tumorais do câncer de mama e são a causa da malignidade e metástase neste órgão. A expressão dessas duas quimiocinas pelas células do tumor de mama acompanha eventos de transformação maligna, e está associada com o curso avançado e progressão da doença. Desse modo, vários estudos sugerem que a determinação e o prognóstico das quimiocinas CCL2 e CCL5 será de grande para uma melhor identificação do risco de progressão e determinação das implicações terapêuuticas em pacientes com câncer de mama.
In Brazil, breast cancer is the major cause death among women with a risk of 51 cases to 100 thousand women. The metastasis, the main cause of death by breast cancer, is directed to a variety of vital organs such as bones, lungs, brain and liver. Occurs when genetically unstable tumor cells adapt to the microenvironment of the tissue that is distant from the primary tumor. The heterogeneous nature of metastasis in breast cancer is difficult not only for the definition of cure for this disease, but also to estimate their risk factors. The spread of tumor cells is achieved through the systemic bloodstream to reach other organs. It has been verified that these cells are used the expression of chemokine receptors to find on target organs that produce a particular set of chemokines. It was established that the cancer cells use the signaling through the receptors for chemokines in the initiation and progression of primary tumor and metastasis. Although large number of molecules has been implicated in metastasis of breast cancer, the exact mechanism that determines the direction of migration seems uncertain. In a review conducted recently, the authors argue that CCL2 and CCL5 are expressed in large amounts by tumor cells of breast cancer and are the cause of malignancy and metastasis in this organ. The expression of these chemokines by the tumor cells of breast accompanying events of malignant transformation, and is associated with the advanced course and progression of disease. Thus several studies suggest that the determination and validation of the prognostic value of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 will be of great value for better identification of risk of progression and determine the therapeutic implications in patients with breast cancer.